@mastersthesis {367, title = {DIN{\'A}MICA DE TRANSFORMACI{\'O}N Y SUSCEPTIBILIDAD A LA DEGRADACI{\'O}N POR CAMBIO DE USO DEL SUELO EN UNA ECO-REGI{\'O}N ALTO-ANDINA (CAUCA-COLOMBIA)}, year = {2018}, month = {04/2018}, pages = {170}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {

This research determined the dynamics of transformation and degradation that have been generated by the change of land use in a high Andean ecoregion of the department of Cauca, Colombia, that in four decades (1970-2017) has gone from having a family farming to Intensive agriculture with monkey potato cultivation, where economic, social, cultural and environmental implications have been generated in space and time. The analysis starts from the environmental characterization of the eco-region present in the high Andean fringe. Next, a modeling of the dynamics of transformation by land use change is carried out and finally an analysis of data and theoretical and experimental inferences of the environmental sciences that relate biophysical, social and economic factors is presented; Which allowed to characterize the drivers of change that have generated dynamics of transformation and susceptibility to the degradation by the change of the use of the ground. As a result he was able to determine which biophysical factors such as height, slope, climate, soils, vegetation cover, socioeconomic (agricultural policies, protection policies, associativity) have generated both transformation, degradation and conservation of the high Andean eco-region; Which allowed to generate the conceptual and contextual bases for a methodological strategy on land use management in high Andean ecosystems.

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}, author = {Fernando Andr{\'e}s Mu{\~n}oz} } @article {335, title = {Sustainability Assessment of Indicators for Integrated Water Resources Management}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, year = {2017}, month = {2017}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, chapter = {139{\textendash}147}, keywords = {Criteria, Decision-making, DPSIR, IWRM, Socio-economic, Water use}, issn = {0048-9697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.217Vo.}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27838052}, author = {A. Pires and J.Morato and H. Peixoto and V. Boteroc and L. Zuluaga and A. Figueroa} } @mastersthesis {350, title = {MANEJO ADAPTATIVO DEL TERRITORIO EN UNA CUENCA ALTOANDINA DESDE LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL Y ECOSIST{\'E}MICA}, year = {2017}, month = {12/2017}, pages = {340}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {
The research process developed analyzes how from the Environmental Sciences, socio-systems are integrated according to their characteristics and particularities. It highlights the interaction of the subsystems that make up the general system and the importance of the conservation of ecosystem services and the management to start up the environmental services. Through the characterization of the socioecosystem of the case study of the Las Piedras river basin in the municipality of Popay\án - Cauca, we identify the management practices that have influenced the processes of adaptation to climate change and variability and allows us to identify the forms, Territory management and how this influences the timely decision making of both communities and institutions for the adaptive management of the territory.
For the analyze the case of the Piedras sub-basin, the historical milestones that influence the transformation of the territory are presented, the principles relevant for the concertation in the management that are associated to the indicators of the response of the system analyzing the results of the behavior Of the flow and its variation by climatic phenomena. In addition, a model is applied that allows analyzing the ecosystem response to environmental services in the face of future water demands over time. It also evaluates the responses of changes in coverage and its prospective in a future time horizon as in case of not continuing the conservation processes.
In order to corroborate the proposed approach, the results of the influence of the practices are detailed Of adaptation in benefits, barriers and strategies in the ecosystem, strengthening agreements that have contributed in the governance with a pact of peace and coexistence between the actors, the construction of an agreement of wills for the management and the management of a watershed, the Risk management built with endogenous and scientific knowledge to form a system of SAATP participatory early agroclimatic alerts and the proposal of tools to strengthen ecosystem and environmental services. Subsequently, key analysis variables are integrated to the end propose an integrative approach to adaptive management of the territory consider cultural and ecosystem diversity. It can be concluded that\  strengthening ecosystems, responding to adaptation with sustainability and facing future in the dynamics Transformation of the territory.
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}, keywords = {adaptation, Governance, management, management practices, territory.}, author = {Liliana recaman Mej{\'\i}a} } @mastersthesis {348, title = {CAPACIDAD DE ADAPTACI{\'O}N SOCIAL Y ECOSIST{\'E}MICA PARA LA ALTA MONTA{\~N}A ANDINA}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {160}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {
The challenge facing the country for the management and management of high mountain ecosystems requires a renewal of the conceptual models on which management schemes are based; One way to deal with this problem would be to build models to advance regional management processes in the context of the territory, since the high Andean ecosystems, in terms of their socio-environmental adaptability, are evaluated in the sector, which requires an interdisciplinary approach to address them. Taking into account that natural systems and social systems are complex and non-linear their environmental problems, as well as the relations between both systems, should be approached from the approach of complex thinking.
The policies resulting from most conceptual models based on Western science are based on the idea of separating people from their environment, addressing resilience and adaptation as a concept that has not been taken into account for the most part The documents for the planning and management of the territory, due to the above, it is necessary: 1. To evaluate the factors that affect the adaptive capacity of communities in high Andean ecosystems, 2. To determine the relation of adaptive capacity, socio-environmental, and The resilience, with the concept of environmental sustainability and 3. To characterize from the social-environmental focus and the adaptive capacity to the high Andean ecosystems.
In order to conceptually address the adaptive and resilient capacity of High Mountain Ecosystems, it is necessary to answer the following question: How can high mountain ecosystems be conceptualized to determine their capacity for social and ecosystem adaptation? The contributions that will be obtained with the development of the research, will be oriented in terms of the conceptual under the following parameters: i) To dilute with a participatory approach the capacity of socio-environmental adaptation of the high Andean ecosystems. Ii) to confront the paradigm of resilience and adaptability with the concept of sustainable development; Iii) and specific application of what was analyzed in an ecosystem of interest Altoandino, located in the northwestern part of the National Park of Purac\é.
The contributions of this research are focused on the generation of contributions for the management of high mountain ecosystems, since by incorporating conceptually new paradigms such as resilience, adaptation within the framework of socio-systems, links new knowledge for planning and a Environmental management, since the management models used to date are based essentially on a knowledge of natural systems from the biophysical viewpoint, leaving aside the existing historical relationship with social systems and ecological knowledge, (Berkes et al., 2000 , G\ómez-Baggethun, 2009, Reyes-Garc\ía, 2009, Vilardy,
2009). In this way, we can talk about relevant planning and adaptive environmental management.
Taking into account that, in order to access ecosystem services, the key is not to properly manage the provisioning or regulatory services but to preserve or restore the essential ecological functions or processes that support them (Duarte et al., 2006).
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}, author = {Samir Carlos Joaqui Daza} } @mastersthesis {349, title = {DESARROLLO DE UN MODELO CONCEPTUAL PARA LA GESTI{\'O}N AMBIENTAL INTEGRAL EN ECOSISTEMAS DE P{\'A}RAMO}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {183}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {
El uso inadecuado del terreno y la intensificaci\ón de actividades agropecuarias en los p\áramos del macizo colombiano, han generado el deterioro progresivo en la estructura, composici\ón y funci\ón de estos socioecosistemas. Esta realidad, ha incidido directamente en el desarrollo sostenible, la productividad y el posicionamiento de la regi\ón, afectando tambi\én las condiciones de vida de sus comunidades limitando el acceso a una oferta natural cada vez m\ás escasa.
El cambio en el uso del suelo y las din\ámicas aleatorias de transformaci\ón del territorio, en busca del crecimiento econ\ómico, dan testimonio de la ausencia de conceptos y modelos propios para gestionar el ambiente; recayendo constantemente en la implementaci\ón de instrumentos for\áneos poco eficientes e inadecuados para los contextos socioambientales de los ecosistemas estrat\égicos paramunos en el Cauca.
Sumado a esto, los procesos de gesti\ón ambiental han tenido un car\ácter jer\árquico, multidisciplinario y compartimentalizado que no ha permitido avanzar en el entendimiento sist\émico e interdisciplinar de las interacciones entre procesos naturales y antr\ópicos; en este sentido la acciones adelantadas por la sociedad se han basado en diferentes cosmovisiones que conllevan acciones ambientales disimiles adoleciendo de articulaci\ón y complementariedad en la mayor\ía de los casos.
Por ello, esta tesis propone una narrativa conceptual (modelo), fundada en un nuevo episteme de --Mestizaje Ambiental{\textbardbl} que reconoce la complejidad de las holoregiones paramunas, incorporando la heterogeneidad social y la diversidad natural como elementos complementarios que le otorgan propiedades emergentes distintivas a estos territorios, bajo una l\ógica de glocalidad rural en escalas espaciales y temporales din\ámicas.
Con este prop\ósito, se articularon los conceptos de SSE, hol\ón y regi\ón, fusion\ándolos en un narrativa epist\émica, que concibe el p\áramo como una Holoregi\ón, defini\éndolo como un socioecosistema complejo glocalizado ambientalmente cuyas propiedades emergentes, estructura multinivel, procesos de comprensi\ón combinada, aprendizaje y gesti\ón, le permiten pervivir en un entorno cambiante
En la tesis, se integraron insumos te\óricos y conceptuales para el desarrollo del modelo conceptual propuesto de gesti\ón ambiental integral en el p\áramo; aproxim\ándose de forma hol\ística a estos socioecosistemas, a trav\és de la delimitaci\ón del sistema de inter\és, la configuraci\ón de sus componentes, la identificaci\ón de las interacciones multinivel que ocurren entre las partes y el todo para llegar a la representaci\ón formal del modelo conceptual. Para esto, se emplearon m\étodos mixtos que permitieron la aplicaci\ón y representaci\ón del modelo en las holoregiones consideradas, mapeando el comportamiento de 18 indicadores que permitieron establecer las trayectorias espaciotemporales a nivel de mesoescala (semi-detallado).
Considerando lo expuesto, en el trabajo doctoral se estudiaron las formas de gesti\ón ambiental en tres holoregiones paramunas de inter\és i) sector de Pilimbal\á - Subcuenca r\ío San Francisco (Purac\é), ii) Sector San Rafael \– Subcuenca r\ío Bed\ón (Purac\é) y iii) Sector humedal de Calvache\–Gabriel L\ópez \– Subcuenca rio Palac\é (Totor\ó), analizando sus din\ámicas en tres temporalidades a) 1960-1980, b) 1980-2000 y c) presente (2000-2014).
En las ventanas analizadas se encontr\ó, que para todos los grupos sociales de las zonas consideradas, la gobernanza y auto-organizaci\ón es un factor determinante para el desarrollo de sus acciones ambientales colectivas en busca de la satisfacci\ón de sus necesidades y el resguardo de sus intereses; en las holoregiones donde la relaci\ón individuos-sistema-autoridad est\á sujeta a la regulaci\ón social la gesti\ón ambiental puede apoyar el alcance de los prop\ósitos comunes del desarrollo seg\ún su cosmovisi\ón del territorio, esto se observa claramente en la primera ventana de observaci\ón (Pilimbal\á-Purac\é).
En estas holoregiones, ha primado la racionalidad econ\ómica sobre la ambiental direccionando la intervenci\ón antr\ópica, situaci\ón que ha causado el reemplazo de capitales (especialmente el natural) en un esquema de sostenibilidad d\ébil que favoreci\ó la perdida de diversidad, la reducci\ón de coberturas naturales y de los servicios ambientales del p\áramo, determinando las trayectorias observadas en las tres zonas para el periodo 1960-2014. El comportamiento de los indicadores en las holoregiones, demuestra que en ellas se desconoce la diversidad ecol\ógica y la heterogeneidad social, permitiendo el establecimiento de un esquema \único de gesti\ón ambiental que ha conllevando al detrimento observado en los socioecosistemas paramunos de inter\és.
Finalmente, el trabajo deja planteado un camino conceptual diferente para enfrentar los retos de la gesti\ón ambiental, reconociendo que el mestizaje de intervenci\ón ambiental y la comprensi\ón combinada de lo ambiental son propiedades emergentes e inherentes a cada holoregi\ón del p\áramo en Colombia y en otras latitudes, situaci\ón que justifica al desarrollo de estrategias de planificaci\ón y manejo diferenciadas, pertinentes a cada contexto, construidas desde la base social en el entendido de la glocalizaci\ón.
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}, keywords = {Ciencias Ambientales, Ecosistemas altoandinos, Holoregi{\'o}n, Manejo, Sostenibilidad}, author = {Juan Pablo Mart{\'\i}nez Idrobo} } @mastersthesis {343, title = {DIN{\'A}MICA DE LA ENERG{\'I}A, EL AGUA Y EL CARBONO EN AGROECOSISTEMAS CAFETEROS}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {139}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {

Based on micrometeorology, the study of energy dynamics and the exchange of gases between the biosphere and the atmosphere is a key tool to know the eco-physiology of coffee production systems, helping to understand the influence of climate variables on crops growth and production. In this research the energy, carbon and water dynamics were determined in four types of coffee agroecosystems typical of the Andean equatorial slope: Agroforestry or under shade with Guandul (Cajanus cajan L.), with maize, with bush bean and under full sun exposure. Using the Eddy Covariance method (EC), the energy balance was established by measuring its components: latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux, and their distribution, according to different climatic periods. This allowed to make inferences about the agroecosystems response to the radiative supply, finding differences in water, light and carbon use efficiency, depending on their composition and structure. The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) between the atmosphere and each agroecosystem, and its partition into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) was evaluated; this information, together with energy and water balance, allowed the construction of ecophysiological indicators such as water use efficiency as a function of GPP, and light use efficiency, through photosynthetically active radiation . We determined in this study, mathematical functions and parameters that explain, at a potential level, the storage of carbon by photosynthesis as a response to solar radiation. The final contribution of this work was to obtain a general explanatory model of GPP, from measurements which, for the first time in Colombia, integrate the soil-plant-atmosphere components at the same time and space scale, in a coffee agroecosystem under full sun exposure. This was done through the relationships found between the rate of increase of gross primary productivity and climatic variables.

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}, keywords = {Coffee plant, ecophysiology, eddy covariance, productivity.}, author = {Angela Maria Casta{\~n}o Mar{\'\i}n} } @article {336, title = {Effects of Productive Activities on the Water Quality for Human Consumption in an Andean Basin, a Case Study}, journal = {Revista Internacional de Contaminaci{\'o}n Ambiental}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 33}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, chapter = {361-375}, abstract = {
Las actividades productivas como la agricultura y la ganader\ía han transformado las cuencas andinas de Am\érica del Sur. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del agua en la cuenca del r\ío Las Piedras (6626 ha), localizada en la alta monta\ña colombiana. Se analizaron los aportes de nutrientes a partir de la producci\ón agr\ícola, distribuci\ón espacial de cultivos, actividades humanas y su influencia en el estado ecol\ógico del r\ío. La evaluaci\ón integr\ó los par\ámetros f\ísicos, qu\ímicos y biol\ógicos en \índices de calidad del agua, de contaminaci\ón y de macroinvertebrados acu\áticos. Los resultados mostraron que los cultivos ocupan el 25.2 \% de la cuenca, la calidad biol\ógica del agua seg\ún el \índice del Grupo de Trabajo de Monitoreo Biol\ógico (BMWP, por sus siglas en ingl\és) evidenci\ó la presencia de organismos tolerantes a la contaminaci\ón y baja biodiversidad (Shannon H\’ 1.1). La calidad del agua es apta para consumo humano seg\ún los est\ándares
establecidos por la normatividad Colombiana. Sin embargo, se encontraron altas concentraciones de nutrientes en la zona baja del r\ío con 2.20 mg/L de nitratos y 1.49 mg/L de fosfatos, adicionalmente los aportes de nutrientes en escorrent\ía superficial fueron de 2.57 mg/L de nitratos en la zona media y 0.18 mg/L de fosfatos en la zona alta. En este sentido, se observ\ó que el ingreso de nutrientes aumenta hacia la zona baja de la cuenca debido a la distribuci\ón espacial de los cultivos. El uso agr\ícola del suelo modific\ó los servicios ecosist\émicos h\ídricos por la disminuci\ón de la capacidad de regulaci\ón en la
cuenca y el aporte de nutrientes al cauce principal.
}, keywords = {agricultura, agua potable, biodiversidad, contaminaci{\'o}n h{\'\i}drica, distribuci{\'o}n espacial de los cultivos}, issn = {En tr{\'a}mite}, doi = {10.20937/RICA.2017.33.03.01}, url = {http://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/RICA.2017.33.03.01}, author = {Diana Marcela Ru{\'\i}z and Juan Pablo Mart{\'\i}nez Idrobo and Juan Diego Otero Sarmiento and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @mastersthesis {358, title = {IMPLICACIONES DEL EXTRACTIVISMO EN COLOMBIA: UN AN{\'A}LISIS MULTIDIMENSIONAL A DIFERENTES ESCALAS EN LA MINER{\'I}A DE ORO}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {207}, school = {Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {

For two decades, the Colombian economy has been in a re-specialization process, supported by an extractive strategy, with emphasis on mining and energy activity. It is recognized that this process has been determined both by external factors (economic opening, Washington Consensus, growing demand for commodities by the BRIC countries) and by internal factors (geological-mining potential of the country and in particular policies aimed at generating security Economic, legal and institutional aspects to national and foreign investments towards extractive sectors). In addition, this strong mining-energy dynamic has faced a weakened and limited role of the environmental sector in the country, which has generated diverse social, economic and environmental concerns. This scenario becomes more concerning when focusing the analysis on gold mining. Over the last decade, there has been a significant influx of foreign capital, with a special interest in gold mining, generating warnings about the short and long term environmental and social risks involved, becoming gold municipalities into sacrificial areas, assuming all socio-environmental impacts associated with this activity.

These reasons encouraged to the thesis, which sought to identify and analyze the economic, social and environmental implications of the extractive model of the last twenty years in Colombia, at various spatial scales: the national level, the regional level where the municipalities were analyzed and the local level where a case study was worked on: Su\árez (Cauca).

The research aims to answer the following questions:

1. Given that the Colombian economy maintains a growing trend towards specialization in the extractive sector, what are the implications for the country in environmental, social and economic terms?

2. Has gold mining achieved substantial improvements in the quality of life of the populations that inhabit the gold-bearing territories and what have been the effects on the environmental quality of their territories?

3. Has the gold activity in Su\árez (Cauca), during the last two decades, substantially improved the quality of socioeconomic life of its inhabitants and what have been their consequences on the environmental conditions of the territory?

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}, keywords = {Biophysical indicators of sustainability, Curse of Natural Resources, Economic Dynamics and Environment, Extractivism, Gold mining, Reprimarization.}, author = {Juliana Sarmiento Castillo} } @article {332, title = {Aplicaci{\'o}n del {\'I}ndice Integrado Relativo de Antropizaci{\'o}n (INRA), En un Ecosistema de Alta Monta{\~n}a}, journal = {Revista Luna Azul}, number = {44}, year = {2017}, month = {01-06/2017}, publisher = {Universidad de Caldas}, chapter = {80 - 93}, address = {Manizales}, abstract = {
Teniendo en cuenta que los ecosistemas de alta monta\ña no son ajenos al establecimiento de actividades antr\ópicas, el objetivo de la investigaci\ón fue estimar el nivel de antropizaci\ón en un sistema lagunar de p\áramo ubicado en el Parque Nacional Natural Purac\é, mediante la adaptaci\ón del \Índice Integrado Relativo de Antropizaci\ón (INRA). Para ello se seleccion\ó una ventana de estudio de 6x5Km2 dentro del sistema lagunar a trav\és de herramientas SIG, la cual se dividi\ó en Unidades de An\álisis (UA) de 0.5Km2, cada UA conten\ía a su vez Subunidades de An\álisis (SUA) de 0.1Km2 donde se poligoniz\ó las diferentes coberturas de suelo (naturales y antropizadas) encontradas en el ecosistema y a las que se les asign\ó un valor de 0 a 1, de acuerdo a la escala del \índice. Los resultados obtenidos con la aplicaci\ón del
INRA, destacaron que la categor\ía de evaluaci\ón m\ás frecuente fue la Coberturas sin intervenci\ón antr\ópicadenominada A (69,51\%), seguido de la categor\ía Bosques sin intervenci\ón antr\ópica denominada B (17,29\%). La categor\ía relacionada con Zonas de pastoreo libre, fue la m\ás baja (0,97\%); mientras que las categor\ías Bosques con intervenci\ón antr\ópica (Quema y Pastoreo) e Infraestructura presentaron valores de 4,17\% y 8,02\%, respectivamente. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el sistema lagunar presenta un bajo nivel de antropizaci\ón lo que evidencia que las actividades antr\ópicas en la zona no generan un impacto marcado para este ecosistema, debido a la poca frecuencia y magnitud de estas actividades, lo que favorece que el ecosistema mantenga estables sus funciones y din\ámica.
}, keywords = {antropizaci{\'o}n, {\'\i}ndice, Paramo}, issn = {1909-2474}, url = {http://lunazul.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/english-version/91-coleccion-articulos-espanol/222-aplicacion-del-indice-integrado-relativo}, author = {Vianny Plaza-Ortega and Valencia-Rojas, M{\'o}nica Patricia and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {333, title = {A Semi-Supervised Hybrid Approach for Multitemporal Multi-Region Multisensor Landsat Data Classification}, journal = {IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING}, volume = {Volume 9}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, publisher = {IEEE}, chapter = {5424 - 5435}, abstract = {
The classification of land covers is one of the most relevant tasks carried on to understand the state of a certain region. Additional studies about the biodiversity, hydrology, human impact, modeling dynamics, and phenology in the study area, can be carried on. In these cases, a wide temporal series of images need to be considered in order to get the tendencies throughout the years. In some regions, such as the South-West part of Colombia (Andean region), studies over large areas are needed in order to obtain unified and coherent statistics that can be representative of the region. This means that different images, acquired by the same satellite and over different areas, or acquired by different sensors, or at different times, need to be classified. Standard classification methods do not work properly to perform this task, due to the heterogeneity in both land cover and orography. This paper presents a hybrid approach for the classification of multitemporal, multiregion, and multisensor images. Classification and regression trees (CART) decision tree and an SVM-based clustering were used in cascade in order to get the final classification maps. Experimental results carried over three Landsat Path/Rows, three sensors, and six different years, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach, where the overall accuracy was of 93\% with a kappa
factor of 0.92.
}, keywords = {Image classification, MultisensorLandsat images, multitemporal data, radiometric indices, remote sensing (RS)}, issn = {1939-1404}, doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2623567}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7769293/}, author = {Edgar Leonairo Pencue-Fierro and Yady Tatiana Solano-Correa and Juan Carlos Corrales-Mu\~{}noz and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {331, title = {Two-Level Classifier Ensembles for Coffee Rust Estimation in Colombian Crops}, journal = {International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems}, volume = {Volume 7}, year = {2016}, month = {07-09/2016}, publisher = {IGI Global}, chapter = {41 - 59}, address = {2016}, abstract = {
Rust is a disease that leads to considerable losses in the worldwide coffee industry. There are many contributing factors to the onset of coffee rust e.g. Crop management decisions and the prevailing weather. In Colombia the coffee production has been considerably reduced by 31\% on average during the epidemic years compared with 2007. Recent research efforts focus on detection of disease incidence using simple classifiers. Authors in the computer field propose alternatives for improve the outcomes, making use of techniques that combine classifiers named ensemble methods. Therefore they proposed two-level classifier ensembles for coffee rust estimation in Colombian crops using Back Propagation Neural Networks, Regression Tree M5 and Support Vector Regression. Their ensemble approach outperformed the classical approaches as simple classifiers and ensemble methods in terms
of Pearson\’s Correlation Coefficient, Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Squared Error.
}, keywords = {Classifier, Coffee, Dataset, Ensemble, Rust}, issn = {1947-3192}, doi = {10.4018/IJAEIS.2016070103}, url = {https://www.igi-global.com/article/two-level-classifier-ensembles-for-coffee-rust-estimation-in-colombian-crops/163318}, author = {David Camilo Corrales and Apolinar Figueroa Casas and Agapito Ledezma and Juan Carlos Corrales} } @article {334, title = {Un mapeo sistem{\'a}tico sobre predicci{\'o}n de calidad del agua mediante t{\'e}cnicas de inteligencia computacional}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 15}, year = {2016}, month = {01-06/2016}, publisher = {Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, chapter = {35 - 52}, address = {Medell{\'\i}n}, abstract = {
Dada la naturaleza renovable del agua, este recurso se ha tratado y gestionado tradicionalmente como si fuese ilimitado; sin embargo, el incremento indiscriminado de su uso ha acarreado consigo un acelerado deterioro en su calidad; es as\í como la predicci\ón de la calidad del agua desempe\ña un papel muy importante para muchos sectores socio-econ\ómicos que dependen del uso del preciado l\íquido. En este estudio se realiza un mapeo sistem\ático de la literatura concerniente a la predicci\ón de la calidad del agua haciendo uso de t\écnicas de inteligencia computacional, que incluye
aquellas utilizadas para calibrar modelos predictivos en aras de mejorar su precisi\ón. A partir de las preguntas de investigaci\ón formuladas en el mapeo sistem\ático es identificada una brecha orientada a la creaci\ón de un mecanismo adaptativo de predicci\ón de calidad del agua que pueda ser aplicado en diferentes usos del agua sin que la precisi\ón de las predicciones
se vea afectada.
}, keywords = {calidad del agua, inteligencia computacional, predicci{\'o}n, sistemas adaptativos complejos}, issn = {1692 - 3324}, doi = {10.22395/rium.v15n28a2}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract\&pid=S1692-33242016000100003\&lng=es\&nrm=iso}, author = {Iv{\'a}n Dar{\'\i}o L{\'o}pez and Apolinar Figueroa and Juan Carlos Corrales} } @article {324, title = {Water Quality Warnings Based on Cluster Analysis in Colombian River Basins}, journal = {Revista Sistemas y Telem{\'a}tica}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, publisher = {Universidad ICESI}, chapter = {9 - 26}, address = {Cali}, abstract = {

El agua dulce es considerada uno de los recursos naturales renovables m\ás importantes, Colombia se ubica entre los pa\íses con mayor oferta h\ídrica del mundo con cinco vertientes: Caribe, Orinoco, Amazonas, Pacifico y Catatumbo. En este sentido es de vital importancia estudiar y evaluar la calidad del agua de sus r\íos y/o sistemas l\óticos. Hoy por hoy, algunos cient\íficos hacen uso de \índices biol\ógicos para calcular la calidad del agua, mientras que otros detectan la calidad del agua por medio de t\écnicas de aprendizaje autom\ático, sin embargo los trabajos encontrados hasta el momento no permiten al usuario interpretar f\ácilmente los resultados. Estas investigaciones motivaron a proponer un conjunto de datos para la generaci\ón de alertas de la calidad del agua en la cuenca Rio Piedras basado en el an\álisis del algoritmo de agrupamiento K-Means y la t\écnica de clasificaci\ón C.4.5.

}, keywords = {Agrupamiento; datos de calidad del agua; macro-invertebrados acu{\'a}ticos; tax{\'o}n; {\'a}rbol de decisi{\'o}n C4.5.}, issn = {1692-5238}, doi = {10.18046/syt.v13i33.2077}, url = {https://www.icesi.edu.co/revistas/index.php/sistemas_telematica/article/view/2077}, author = {Edwin Ferney Castillo and Wilmer Fernando Gonzales and Iv{\'a}n Dar{\'\i}o L{\'o}pez and Apolinar Figueroa and David Camilo Corrales and Miller Guzm{\'a}n Hoyos and Juan Carlos Corrales} } @article {357, title = {CARACTERIZACI{\'O}N DEL PROCESO DE ESPECIALIZACI{\'O}N DE LA ECONOM{\'I}A COLOMBIANA HACIA EL SECTOR EXTRACTIVO}, journal = {Revista Ambiente y Sostenibilidad }, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Several authors claim that a large number of Latin American countries are reprimarizing their economies. Colombia has \ been\  no\  exception,\  and\  although\  traditionally\  based\  its \ productive\  apparatus\  in\  primary\  sector\  activities\  such\  as \ agriculture,\  logging,\  minerals\  and\  hydrocarbons,\  in\  the\  last\  two\  decades\  can\  be\  seen\  a\  sharper\  reprimarized \ phenomenon\  to\  the\  sector\  mining\  and\  energy.\  Research\  related\  to\  the\  implications\  of\  the\  extractive,\  economically

speaking, broadly focus on economic growth as a variable of interest. In this sense, the present study seeks to provide arguments to those criticisms about the advantages in economic matters has left the extractive industry in Colombia.

Firstly shows the evidence that reflect the type of Extractivism implemented in the country, focusing on the factors that have promoted, and ultimately results in macroeconomic terms obtained by it, specifically in economic growth, demand of\  local\  labor and\  deteriorating\  terms\  of\  trade.\  The\  paper\  ends\  with\  some\  conclusions\  drawn\  from\  the\  results\  of\  the investigation.

}, keywords = {Colombian economy, Extractivism, Mining, Reprimarizing, Terms of trade.}, issn = {2339-3122}, url = {http://revistas.univalle.edu.co/index.php/ays/article/view/4307/6527}, author = {Juliana Sarmiento Castillo} } @article {327, title = {Effects of peasant and indigenous soil management practices on the biogeochemical properties and carbon storage services of Andean soils of Colombia}, journal = {European Journal of Soil Biology}, volume = {Vol. 71}, year = {2015}, month = {11-12/2015}, chapter = {28 - 36}, abstract = {
Indigenous and peasant management systems that produce food, fibre and fuel have long been used in many Andean cultures, but their effects on soil biogeochemical properties and storage of soil organic carbon have been poorly analysed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological properties and carbon storage in Andean soils under three peasant and indigenous management practices in Popayan, Colombia: Natural Pasture (NP) (Holcus lanatus), Forage Crops (FC) (Pennisetum purpureum), and Natural Forest (NF) (dominated by Quercus humboldtii). In all, 216 samples were analysed over a 12-month period. The soils under the three soil managements had optimum texture (loamy and sandy loam), bulk density (\<0.71 gr cm3) and hygroscopic moisture content (11.45\%) derived from the local Andosols. These soils were highly acid, particularly the forest soil (pH 4.68), but the high content of organic matter in the pasture and addition of calcium compounds to the cultivation soil had improved the pH (5.38 and 5.21 for NP and FC, respectively). Soil cultivation had produced a high metabolic quotient (qCO2 2.46) in relation NP (0.85) and NF (0.75), perhaps owing to an imbalance of the microbial community caused by disturbances and by excess external organic carbon. However, the soils under all three management systems stored high contents of total organic carbon (TOC): 127, 111 and 110 t ha1, for NP, NF and FC, respectively. The presence of allophones in these soils leads to the formation of highly stable organo-mineral complexes, impeding mineralisation of the organic matter and allowing a high potential for soil carbon storage. A lack of temporal variability of the soil physical properties is due to the characteristics dominated by soil genesis and by the high resilience of Andosols. We conclude that the food production management practices of these indigenous communities and farmers are compatible with maintenance of the carbon storage service in these soils at the local scale.
}, keywords = {Andean volcanic soils, Metabolic quotient, Pastures, Soil management, Total organic carbon stock}, issn = {1164-5563}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.10.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1164556315300297}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a-Cristina Ordo{\~n}ez and Leopoldo Galicia and Apolinar Figueroa and Bravo, Isabel and Miguel Pe{\~n}a} } @article {328, title = {Determining the effects of ENSO phenomena on Andean areas by applying radiometric indices on long time series}, journal = {IEEE Magazine}, volume = {Volume 15}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, abstract = {
This paper presents the results obtained after applying different radiometric indices over sugarcane cropslocated in a Colombian Andean area, analyzing their possible correlation with ENSO phenomena. The study was performed over Landsat images acquired during a 28-year period. Given the change of sensor on-board Landsat satellites during the above mentioned period, preliminary radiometric transformations were applied to homogenize the data.Moreover, in order to reduce possible seasonal effects, only images acquired over the same period of the year were considered. Vegetation indices such as NDVI and PRI were applied, and the results were compared with the ONI index, allowing the identification of ENSO events, as well as the identification of patterns corresponding to damage caused by ENSO events. Detailed analysis over the decreased quality of vegetation, and therefore the soil, allowed us to confirm the validity of the proposed methodology.
}, keywords = {Remote sensing; Time-Series analysis; Vegetation monitoring; ENSO; NDVI}, isbn = {978-1-4673-7119-3}, doi = {10.1109/Multi-Temp.2015.7245808}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7245808/}, author = {Yady Tatiana Solano-Correa and Leonairo Pencue-Fierro and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {326, title = {Land cover change dynamics and multi-factor analysis in high mountains basins of Colombian Andes}, journal = {IEEE Magazine}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {
This paper presents an integrated analysis of factors affecting the dynamics of an Andean basin. The study was conducted by using Landsat images, SRTM DEM data from NASA, infrastructure information (cities and roads proximity) and the resulting hydrological data analysis, over a characteristic basin of Colombian valleys. Land cover recognition was validated with in-situ data, this allowing to build a temporal variation profile of the land cover over a 26 years period. This information was integrated by clustering to obtain uniform regions according to variables used, resulting in the generation of different trend maps. The proposed approach allows to establish the importance of using information as a measure of anthropogenic affectation levels, thus it is possible to make more specific action plans and efficiently compensate the environmental degradation effects.
}, keywords = {clustering analysis, high mountain basins, Land cover dynamics, multi-factor analysis}, isbn = {978-1-4673-7119-3}, doi = {10.1109/Multi-Temp.2015.7245750}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7245750/}, author = {Leonairo Pencue-Fierro and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {330, title = {AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE EN ECOSISTEMAS DE ALTA MONTA{\~N}A}, journal = {Biotecnolog{\'\i}a en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, publisher = {Editorial Universidad del Cauca}, chapter = {129 - 138 }, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, abstract = {
La agricultura como principal actividad del desarrollo econ\ómico rural en Colombia ha sido implementada con diferentes estrategias desde la \época precolombina. Los ecosistemas de la alta monta\ña no han sido ajenos a esta realidad, y particularmente en las zonas de P\áramo del Cauca, el intento por favorecer la prevalencia de un modelo altamente productivo e intensivo en el uso del suelo ha conllevado al detrimento de la diversidad socio-ecol\ógica, la r\ápida expansi\ón de la frontera agropecuaria en \áreas estrat\égicas, la p\érdida del conocimiento tradicional sobre el uso de la tierra y el bajo rendimiento de los cultivos que ha implicado mayor incorporaci\ón de fertilizantes al suelo amenazando estos sistemas vulnerables en la alta monta\ña. Sin embargo, es com\ún encontrar en diferentes localidades paramunas caucanas comunidades ind\ígenas y campesinas que reconocen la necesidad de cambiar los sistemas productivos que han venido empleando debido a la disminuci\ón de la fertilidad del suelo que limita la comercializaci\ón de sus productos y a la problem\ática ambiental asociada, en este sentido, el acompa\ñamiento institucional en este proceso es vital para favorecer la implementaci\ón de procesos sostenibles de forma integral.
}, keywords = {Cultivos, Diversidad socioecol{\'o}gica, P{\'a}ramos, Uso de la Tierra}, issn = {1909-9959}, url = {http://revistabiotecnologia.unicauca.edu.co/revista/index.php/biotecnologia/article/view/360}, author = {DIANA MARCELA RUIZ and JUAN PABLO MARTINEZ and Apolinar Figueroa} } @article {329, title = {An Empirical Multi-classifier for Coffee Rust Detection in Colombian Crops}, journal = {Computational Science and Its Applications -- ICCSA 2015}, volume = {Part I}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, pages = {60 - 74}, abstract = {
Rust is a disease that leads to considerable losses in the worldwide coffee industry. In Colombia, the disease was first reported in 1983 in the department of Caldas. Since then, it spread rapidly through all other coffee departments in the country. Recent research efforts focus on detection of disease incidence using computer science techniques such as supervised learning algorithms. However, a number of different authors demonstrate that results are not sufficiently accurate using a single classifier. Authors in the computer field propose alternatives for this problem, making use of techniques that combine classifier results. Nevertheless, the traditional approaches have a limited performance due to dataset absence. Therefore we proposed an empirical multiclassifier for coffee rust detection in Colombian crops.
}, keywords = {Classifier, Coffee rust, Dataset, Multi-classifier}, doi = {DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21404-7_5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-21404-7_5}, author = {David Camilo Corrales and Apolinar Figueroa and Agapito Ledezma and Juan Carlos Corrales} } @article {322, title = {Determinaci{\'o}n del Caudal Ambiental y su Relaci{\'o}n con Variables Indicadoras de Calidad del Recurso H{\'\i}drico}, journal = {Revista Luna Azul}, year = {2015}, month = {01-07/2015}, publisher = {Editorial Universidad de Caldas}, chapter = {5 - 24}, abstract = {
El objeto de esta investigaci\ón es la determinaci\ón del caudal ambiental en la subcuenca del r\ío Las Piedras y su correlaci\ón con diferentes variables fisicoqu\ímicas e \índices de calidad del agua. Inicialmente se realiz\ó la determinaci\ón del caudal ambiental utilizando una aproximaci\ón a la metodolog\ía para la determinaci\ón del caudal ambiental en proyectos licenciados de Colombia, los cuales son aquellos que de acuerdo con la ley y reglamentos puedan producir deterioro grave a los recursos naturales renovales, al medio ambiente o introducir modificaciones considerables o notorias en el paisaje (MAVDT, 2010). Seguidamente, teniendo el caudal ambiental establecido para cada mes y desglosado por condici\ón hidrol\ógica (Ni\ño, Ni\ña y normal), se procedi\ó a estimar la correlaci\ón existente entre estos, medidas in situ (pH, conductividad, OD, turbidez, TDS, T y el factor de asimilaci\ón de la corriente) con el fin de hacer una estimaci\ón de la calidad del agua que se tendr\ía manteniendo los caudales ambientales propuestos, usando para ello el programa estad\ístico SPSS. Por otro lado se realiz\ó una
evaluaci\ón de la integridad bi\ótica, para establecer el estado ecol\ógico de la subcuenca con base en la comunidad de macroinvertebrados. Como resultado se determin\ó el caudal ambiental para cada mes y las tres condiciones hidrol\ógicas, igualmente se pudo observar la relaci\ón directa, existente entre el factor de asimilaci\ón de la corriente y el caudal, estableciendo de esta forma que el factor de asimilaci\ón puede ser una herramienta que permita la determinaci\ón de periodos de mayor vulnerabilidad a eventos extremos que pueda presentar la subcuenca. De igual forma, se consigui\ó realizar una estimaci\ón de las variables f\ísicas (conductividad y TDS) con las cuales el caudal present\ó correlaci\ón significativa, lo que permite tener una relaci\ón id\ónea entre la cantidad y calidad del recurso h\ídrico. Adicionalmente, se pudo
establecer el estado de la calidad del recurso h\ídrico de la zona estudiada con base en un estudio realizado de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados como bioindicadores.
}, keywords = {calidad, comunidad bi{\'o}tica, fen{\'o}menos macroclim{\'a}ticos, recurso h{\'\i}drico, Subcuenca, vulnerabilidad.}, issn = {1909-2474}, doi = {10.17151/luaz.2015.40.2}, url = {http://200.21.104.25/lunazul/downloads/Lunazul40_2.pdf}, author = {Juan Fernando Casanova and Apolinar Figueroa C.} } @article {325, title = {Towards Detecting Crop Diseases and Pest by Supervised Learning}, journal = {Journal Ingenier{\'\i}a y Universidad}, volume = {Volume 19}, year = {2015}, month = {01-07/2015}, publisher = {Universidad Javeriana}, chapter = {207-228}, address = {Bogot{\'a}}, abstract = {
El cambio clim\ático ha generado amenazas a la producci\ón agr\ícola. Los cambios extremos de temperatura y humedad y otros factores abi\óticos de estr\és contribuyen a la aparici\ón de enfermedades y plagas en los cultivos. Por ello, recientes esfuerzos de investigaci\ón se han enfocado en la predicci\ón de plagas y enfermedades en cultivos, haciendo uso de algoritmos de aprendizaje supervisado. En este art\ículo se presenta una revisi\ón bibliogr\áfica de los algoritmos de aprendizaje supervisado m\ás utilizados para la detecci\ón de plagas y enfermedades en cultivos como ma\íz, arroz, caf\é, mango, man\í y tomate, con el objetivo de seleccionar los algoritmos con mejor rendimiento para
el sector agr\ícola.
}, keywords = {aprendizaje supervisado; clasificador; cultivo; enfermedad; peste; agricultura}, issn = {0123-2126}, doi = {10.11144/Javeriana.iyu19-1.tdcd}, url = {http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/iyu/article/view/6732}, author = {David Camilo Corrales and Juan Carlos Corrales and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {323, title = {Variabilidad espacio-temporal de aniones (SO4 -2 y Cl-) en el agua lluvia de Popay{\'a}n, Colombia}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 14}, year = {2015}, month = {01-07/2015}, chapter = {13 - 28}, abstract = {
This research are discussed the results of the physical and chemical variables,
SO4 -2, Cl-, pH and conductivity of rainwater in ten sites in the city of Popayan, Colombia. The results were determined by the technique of total deposit from September 2011 to February 2012. The objective was: to evaluate the sensitivity to acid rain formation considering possible sources of certain ions. The results were analyzed according to the spatial and temporal variability and its values were attributed to natural sources such as volcanic influence aerosols emitted from the ground and drag sea salt from the Pacific Ocean as possible sources of ions SO4-1yCl-. Results are also explained by anthropogenic inputs.
}, keywords = {acid rain, chloride, conductivity., pH, sulphate}, issn = {1692 - 3324}, url = {http://repository.udem.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11407/1834/Revista_Ingenierias_UdeM_242.pdf?sequence=2\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Martha Luc{\'\i}a Burbano Garc{\'e}s and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @article {318, title = {Bulk Precipitation, Throughfall and Stemflow Deposition Of N-NH4+, N-NH3 And N-NO3- In an Andean Forest}, journal = {Journal of Tropical Forest Science}, volume = {Volume 26}, year = {2014}, month = {10/2014}, chapter = {446{\textendash}457}, abstract = {
BURBANO GARC\ÉS ML, FIGUEROA-CASAS A \& PE\ÑA M. 2014. Bulk\  recipitation, throughfall and stemflow deposition of N-NH4 +, N-NH3 and N-NO3- in an Andean forest. This research evaluated the input flux of nitrogen (N) compounds, namely, NH4 +, NH3 and NO3 - through an Andean forest canopy adjacent to a semi-natural wetland in south-western Colombia, South\  America. The concentrations of these compounds were determined in the\  hydrological processes of bulk precipitation, total throughfall and total temflow.
Other variables examined were catchment volume, pH and conductivity. The estimated entry for N compounds showed that throughfall was the process that recorded the highest weighted flux averages of N-NO3-(1.34 kg ha-1 month-1), N-NH4+ (0.15 kg ha-1 month-1) and N-NH3 (\< 0.001 kg ha-1 month-1) over the sampling period. Results indicated that the forest canopy acted as a living barrier that retained emissions of man-made N compounds. This research contributed to the analysis of the transformation of nutrient input fluxes via bulk
precipitation, throughfall and stemflow to provide better understanding of the biogeochemical functfunctioning\ of tropical wetlands that are influenced by atmospheric inputs from natural and anthropic sources.
}, keywords = {input flux, interception, Net precipitation, nitrogen compounds, weighted flux}, issn = {01281283}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/43150931}, author = {ML Burbano-Garc{\'e}s and A. Figueroa-Casas and M Pe{\~n}a} } @article {321, title = {Microclimatic Gradients in Transition Zones of Andean Forest: A Case Study of Purace National Park}, journal = {Scientific Research and Essays}, volume = {Volume 9}, year = {2014}, month = {08/2014}, chapter = {703 - 715}, abstract = {
This study investigated two transition zones (matrix-forest edge-interior gradient) associated to forest fragments with different degrees of intervention, in an Andean paramo ecosystem located in Purac\é National Park (Colombia). The relationship between the structures of vegetation and the spatial dynamics associated with microclimatic variation in each patch of woodland was determined in order to establish the Depth of Edge Influence (DEI). In each fragment, the vegetation was evaluated using transects of 80 x 2 m perpendicular to the margin, corresponding to 30 m of the matrix and 50 m into
the woodland. All woody plants were identified, the heights and dominance was the most relevant features to determining the structure of the forest edge. Microclimatic data (humidity, sunlight exposure, air and soil temperature) were measured in transects and mapped using interpolation for determining the spatial dynamics in each gradient and the behavior of the variables associated with the DEI. The results obtained indicate that the change of microclimatic variables was significant in the margin-forest edge-interior gradient when comparing the forest fragments. The differences are related to the degree of human intervention, since the pressure exerted on certain plant species determined the spatial arrangement of these plants in the gradient. On mapping the dynamics of the microclimatic variables and their relationship to the distance in the gradient, a depth of edge influence was identified of 10 m for the fragment with less intervention (Woodland 2) and 20 m for the one with most intervention (Woodland 1)


Microclimatic gradients in transition zones of Andean forest: A case study of Purace National Park (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287344404_Microclimatic_gradients_in_transition_zones_of_Andean_forest_A_case_study_of_Purace_National_Park [accessed Oct 17 2017].

}, keywords = {ecotone, edge effect, gradient, microclimate, Paramo}, issn = {1992-2248}, doi = {This study investigated two transition zones (matrix-forest edge-interior gradient) associated to forest fragments with different degrees of intervention, in an Andean paramo ecosystem located in Purac{\'e} National Park (Colombia). The relationship be}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287344404_Microclimatic_gradients_in_transition_zones_of_Andean_forest_A_case_study_of_Purace_National_Park}, author = {Ang{\'e}lica Maria Mosquera and Juan Pablo Mart{\'\i}nez and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @article {320, title = {Factores que determinan la resiliencia socio-ecol{\'o}gica para la alta monta{\~n}a andina}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2014}, month = {07-12/2014}, chapter = {45 - 55}, abstract = {
El presente art\ículo de revisi\ón est\á enmarcado en el desarrollo de una tesis doctoral en Ciencias Ambientales. Analiza los procesos tradicionales de gesti\ón y planificaci\ón que han tenido un enfoque disciplinar para enfrentar problem\áticas ambientales como el cambio clim\ático en la alta monta\ña andina cuyo prop\ósito se ha centrado en el manejo o mitigaci\ón de los impactos ambientales generados por las actividades antr\ópicas. Sin embargo, el deterioro ecol\ógico aumenta debido a que las bases conceptuales en las que se fundamentan las herramientas de gesti\ón por lo general son descontextualizadas, asumiendo que las relaciones socio ecol\ógicas se pueden desagregar para ser estudiadas y que los fen\ómenos de la naturaleza son predecibles y controlables. Considerando lo anterior, se propone la incorporaci\ón de teor\ías complementarias como los socio-ecosistemas, la resiliencia, la transformabilidad, la adaptaci\ón y la vulnerabilidad.
}, issn = {1692 - 3324}, url = {http://revistas.udem.edu.co/index.php/ingenierias/article/view/995/987}, author = {Samir Joaqui Daza and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @article {319, title = {Metodolog{\'\i}a para el an{\'a}lisis de vulnerabilidad en cuencas abastecedoras de agua ante la variabilidad clim{\'a}tica1}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2014}, month = {07-12/2014}, chapter = {29 - 43 }, issn = {1692 - 3324}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rium/v13n25/v13n25a03.pdf}, author = {M{\'o}nica Patricia Valencia Rojas and Apolinar Figueroa Casas and Diana Marcela Ruiz Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez and Juan Diego Otero Sarmiento and Juan Pablo Mart{\'\i}nez Idrobo and Victoria Eugenia Ceballos Sarria and Samir Carlos Joaqu{\'\i} Daza and Dayan Gonz{\'a}lez Quijano} } @article {317, title = {TRANSPORTE DE MATERIA ORGANICA PARTICULADA EN UNA CORRIENTE ALTOANDINA: QUEBRADA ARRAYANALES (CAUCA {\textendash} COLOMBIA)}, journal = {Biotecnolog{\'\i}a en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 12}, year = {2014}, month = {07-12/2014}, chapter = {160 - 169}, abstract = {
Se determin\ó la din\ámica temporal de la materia org\ánica particulada en la quebrada Arrayanales (Cauca), teniendo en cuenta los eventos de precipitaci\ón y su efecto sobre la cantidad de materia org\ánica particulada fina (MOPF), gruesa (MOPG) y total (MOPT) que ingresa y es transportada aguas abajo de la Quebrada. Se plante\ó como objetivo establecer la cantidad y la variaci\ón de las entradas laterales, verticales y el transporte de materia org\ánica particulada al\óctona (MOP), contando a la precipitaci\ón y el caudal como variables hidroclim\áticas para ello se determin\ó el peso seco libre en cenizas (PSLC) de MOP vertical, lateral capturada y transportada. Los resultados demuestran que la Quebrada Arrayanales, es un ecosistema con tendencia al transporte de grandes cantidades de MOPG, con bajo potencial de almacenamiento y mecanismos para el ingreso de materia org\ánica al\óctono, que dependen del r\égimen de precipitaciones. Las precipitaciones se relacionaron mayormente con el transporte de MOPG, que con la MOPF. Los aportes verticales y laterales fueron dominados por MOPG, con promedios totales de 10,86 g PSLC m-2 y 6,05 g PSLC m-2 respectivamente. El transporte en el tramo de estudio fue de 37,83 g m-3 MOPT, 32,88 g m-3 MOPG y 4,94 g m-3 MOPF.
}, keywords = {Aportes, Din{\'a}mica de la materia org{\'a}nica, Transporte}, author = {Margarita del Rosario Salazar-S{\'a}nchez and Monica Patricia Valencia-Rojas and Apolinar Figueroa-Casas} } @article {314, title = {Evoluci{\'o}n de los conceptos y paradigmas que orientan la gesti{\'o}n ambiental {\textquestiondown}cu{\'a}les son sus limitaciones desde lo glocal?}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2014}, month = { 01-07/2014}, pages = {P{\'a}ginas }, abstract = {

El presente art\ículo aborda la evoluci\ón cronol\ógica de diferentes paradigmas y conceptos relacionados con la gesti\ón ambiental (GA). Para ello, hace \énfasis en aquellos que han incidido en la direcci\ón de la GA en el pa\ís, e identifica el concepto de desarrollo asociado, as\í como los planteamientos y dimensiones considerados para establecer las relaciones existentes entre los mismos. Si bien la gesti\ón ambiental es una de las funciones p\úblicas compartidas solidariamente con la sociedad, su implementaci\ón ha sido unidireccional, lo que ha promovido modelos homogeneizadores que limitan la interacci\ón con las comunidades y las relaciones interinstitucionales e interdisciplinares. Si se observa esta situaci\ón desde una l\ógica glocal en diferentes ecosistemas y regiones, es evidente el predominio del enfoque de crecimiento econ\ómico con una escasa interacci\ón entre saberes y conocimiento, situaci\ón que limita la construcci\ón de alternativas de manejo sostenible y desencadena acciones ambientales desarticuladas.

}, keywords = {ambiente, ecosistemas, gesti{\'o}n, paradigma}, issn = { 1692-3324}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rium/v13n24/v13n24a02.pdf}, author = {J.P. Mart{\'\i}nez Idrobo and A. Figueroa} } @article {315, title = {Flujo de Carbono Org{\'a}nico Total (COT) en una cuenca andina: caso subcuenca R{\'\i}o Las Piedras}, journal = {Revista Ingenier{\'\i}as Universidad de Medell{\'\i}n}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 13}, year = {2013}, month = {01-07/2014}, chapter = {29 - 42}, abstract = {
El estudio se realiz\ó para calcular el flujo de carbono transportado por la cuenca del r\ío Las Piedras, t\ípica representativa de los Andes tropicales suramericanos, reservorio estrat\égico del recurso h\ídrico. Se desarroll\ó una investigaci\ón observacional durante 20 meses sobre el recurso h\ídrico, mediante un dise\ño completamente aleatorio, estratificado por altura (msnm), analizando el contenido de COT, las propiedades f\ísico-qu\ímicas del agua y variables hidrometeorol\ógicas (caudal y variaci\ón estacional).
La concentraci\ón promedio de COT aportada principalmente desde la zona alta fue 9 mgL-1. Se transporta en promedio un flujo de 2003,5 Kg.dia-1 de COT, asociado al caudal y la estacionalidad h\úmeda. El an\álisis en relaci\ón con variables f\ísico-qu\ímicas permite concluir que el r\ío disuelve CO2 en sus aguas. Este estudio contribuye al an\álisis del comportamiento de los r\íos andinos y su aporte al ciclo global del carbono.
}, keywords = {calidad del agua, ciclo del carbono, variaci{\'o}n estacional}, issn = {1692 - 3324}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rium/v13n24/v13n24a03.pdf}, author = {Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and Bravo, Isabel and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @inbook {77, title = {Fisicoquimica y Cambios Espacio Temporales en el Espejo de Agua para la Laguna de Sonso}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 1}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Editorial Universidad del Valle}, organization = {Editorial Universidad del Valle}, edition = {1era Edici{\'o}n}, address = {Cali}, author = {Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @article {316, title = {EVALUACI{\'O}N DEL POTENCIAL DE CAPTURA DE CARBONO EN UN SISTEMA PASTORIL DE Brachiaria Brizantha, EN LA SUBCUENCA ALTA DEL R{\'I}O LAS PIEDRAS Y EL MUNICIPIO DE POPAY{\'A}N}, journal = {Suelos Ecuatoriales}, volume = {Vol{\'u}men 44}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, chapter = {42 - 50}, abstract = {

La sub-cuenca alta del r\ío Las Piedras, situado al noreste de Popay\án en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central, abastece de agua a la ciudad, dirigiendo sus recursos de agua a la planta de tratamiento de agua \"El Tablazo\". En la regi\ón de Las Piedras, las comunidades locales participan en los procesos de expansi\ón de la frontera ganadera que tienen un efecto perjudicial sobre la calidad del agua. El uso de mejor calidad de pastos podr\ía reducir la necesidad de expansi\ón. Este estudio en la microcuenca Arrayanales busc\ó determinar el nivel de captura de carbono en el pasto Toledo (Brachiaria brizantha) por el m\étodo de inventario, identificaci\ón de la tasa de crecimiento fotosint\ético en los niveles a\éreos y ra\íces, as\í como el an\álisis de carbono total mediante el m\étodo COT. La investigaci\ón fue llevada a cabo a una altitud de aproximadamente 2.600 msnm y coordenadas 76 \° 31 \&$\#$39;10 \"W y 2 \° 21 \&$\#$39;45\" Norte. Tambi\én se determinaron las propiedades f\ísicas y qu\ímicas de los suelos en el laboratorio de Agroqu\ímica de la Universidad del Cauca, mientras que el an\álisis bromatol\ógico se llev\ó a cabo en el pasto bajo estudio para evaluar la calidad nutricional. Se encontr\ó que en Arrayanales, el nivel de captura de carbono es inferior al encontrado en Popay\án; estos niveles son consistentes con los datos obtenidos a partir del an\álisis del carbono org\ánico total. La tasa de crecimiento fotosint\ético es mayor en Popay\án porque las condiciones ambientales de temperatura, altitud, humedad, y tasa de precipitaci\ón, etc., favorecen el crecimiento del pasto. Los suelos de esta regi\ón son de origen alof\ánico, mostraron un pH bajo y un nivel intermedio de macro y micronutrientes. Esto favorece su uso potencial para diversos cultivos, es decir, el uso de este recurso suelo para actividades distintas de la ganader\ía.

}, keywords = {Brachiaria brizantha, Captura de carbono, suelos}, issn = {0562-5351}, author = {Cristian Gasca Silva and Edier Humberto P{\'e}rez and Apolinar Figueroa Casas} } @article {62, title = {Loss of soil and nutrients by surface runoff in two agro-ecosystems within an Andean paramo area}, journal = {Ecological Engineering}, volume = {Volume 37}, year = {2011}, month = {12/2011}, chapter = {Pages 2035{\textendash}2043}, abstract = {

High Andean paramo and cloud forest ecosystems in South America are undergoing transition to agricultural activities such as potato farming and cattle grazing in many areas. There is a lack of data quantifying the contributions of these land uses to soil erosion and nutrients loss. Thus, we assessed soil quality in patches of potato crops and pasture for cattle grazing, and tested soil and nutrient loss from these two land uses in response to heavy rainfall simulation rates (100 mm h\−1). Physico-chemical analyses were also carried out in soil and runoff water samples. We found that potato farming had more severe impacts on soil quality, with substantial loss of the silt fraction (low silt levels of 11.9\% were found in soil composition) that prevents aggregates formation and increase soil instability. Furthermore, we found that potato farming resulted in much higher soil loss rate (5.67 g h\−1) compared to that of pastoral land use (0.61 g h\−1). Meanwhile, N and P average losses measured in runoff were 1.22 mg N-NO3 l\−1 plus 0.12 mg P-PO3 l\−1 for the potato crop, and 0.86 mg N-NO3 l\−1 plus 0.09 mg P-PO3 l\−1 for the pastures, respectively. We postulate that more effective and continuous rooting prevents soil disaggregation in pasture relative to cropping, and that continuous and extensive foliage protects the soil from rain-splash erosion. Finally, direct relationships appeared between the two agricultural practices evaluated and the loss of soil and nutrients. Thus, if anthropogenic practices such as those studied herein continue their widespread trend observed in recent years in the region, then two of the most important paramo eco-systemic services, that is, water regulation and high water quality supply, may be impaired with all the consequences this brings for human settlements and their livelihoods located down waters.

}, keywords = {Paramo; Agro-ecosystems; Surface runoff; Nutrients; Soil particles}, issn = {0925-8574}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092585741100262X}, author = {J.D. Otero and A. Figueroa and F.A. Mu{\~n}oz and M.R. Pe{\~n}a} } @book {75, title = {Adaptation to Climate Change From Resilience to Transformation}, year = {2011}, pages = {224}, isbn = {978-0415477512}, author = {Pelling, Mark} } @book {73, title = {Environmental Social Science: Human{\textendash}Environment Interactions and Sustainability}, year = {2010}, pages = {215}, isbn = {9781405105736}, author = {Moran, Emilio F} } @book {63, title = {Fragmentaci{\'o}n y coberturas vegetales en ecosistemas andinos, Departamento del Cauca Colombia}, year = {2009}, pages = {399}, publisher = {EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DEL CAUCA}, organization = {EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DEL CAUCA}, edition = {1}, issn = {978-958-732-009-1}, author = {Figueroa-Casas, Aapolinar and Valencia-Rojas, M{\'o}nica Patricia and Alvear-Narva{\'e}z, Nilsa Lorena and Mart{\'\i}nez-Idrobo, Juan Pablo and Ceballos-Sarria, Victoria and Mosquera, Ang{\'e}lica Mar{\'\i}a and Concha-Lozada, Clara and Mu{\~n}oz-Gomez, Fernando Andr{\'e}s and Gallego-Ropero, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and Mu{\~n}oz-Mu{\~n}oz, Fernando Felipe and Joaqui-Daza, Samir Carlos and Ordo{\~n}ez-Diaz, Mar{\'\i}a Cristina and P{\'e}rez, Edier humbetto and Tandioy, William J and Plazas-Certuche, Jatiro A and Vergara-Varela, Hernando and Ramirez-Padilla, Bernardo}, editor = {Figueroa-Casas, Aapolinar and Valencia-Rojas, M{\'o}nica Patricia} } @book {72, title = {Thinking in Systems: A Primer}, year = {2008}, pages = {240}, edition = {illustrated}, isbn = {1603580557, 9781603580557}, author = {Donella Meadows} } @book {345, title = {Absent Environments - Theorising Environmental Law and the City}, volume = {Volume 1}, year = {2007}, pages = {272 Pages}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis e-Library}, organization = {Taylor \& Francis e-Library}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978{\textendash}1{\textendash}84472{\textendash}154{\textendash}2}, author = {Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos} } @book {59, title = {El Macizo colombiano: Diversidad, potencialidades y conservaci{\'o}n vegetal}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {141}, publisher = {Editorial Universidad del Cauca}, organization = {Editorial Universidad del Cauca}, address = {Popay{\'a}n}, isbn = {958-9451-22-5 }, author = {Diego Jes{\'u}s Mac{\'\i}as Pinto and Bernardo Ramiro Ram{\'\i}rez Padilla and Gisella Mabel Paz Peraf{\'a}n and Giovani Varona Balc{\'a}zar and Laura Victoria Mami{\'a}n Guzm{\'a}n} } @book {74, title = {A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations}, year = {2007}, pages = {482}, edition = {7}, isbn = {0226823369, 9780226823362}, author = {Turabian, Kate L} } @book {70, title = {Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power}, series = {Oxford geographical and environmental studies}, year = {2004}, pages = {209}, issn = {0-19-823391-4 }, author = {Erik Swyngedouw}, editor = {C. Gordon and A. Goudie and C. Peach} } @book {126, title = { Geografia Fisica y Politica de la Confederaci{\'o}n Granadina}, volume = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = { 4458}, isbn = {9589475264}, author = {APOLINAR F CASAS and GUIDO B BECERRA and CAMILO D OSSA and AGUSTO G LOPEZ} } @book {125, title = {Plantas con flores de La Planada Gu{\'\i}a Ilustrada de Familias y G{\'e}neros}, year = {2000}, pages = {244}, isbn = {9589652999}, author = {BERNARDO R RAMIREZ and HUMBERTO M CIFUENTES} } @book {124, title = {Evaluaci{\'o}n del Impacto Ambiental un instrumento para el desarrollo}, year = {1998}, pages = {175}, isbn = {9589635113}, issn = {9589635113}, author = {APOLINAR F CASAS and Juan Sanchez and Rafael Contreras}, editor = {Toro Corredor} }